Data science is a field of applied mathematics and statistics that provides useful information based on large amounts of complex data or big data.
Loss Function in mathematical optimization, statistics, decision theory and machine learning is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some “cost” associated with the event. An optimization problem seeks to minimize a loss function. An objective function is either a loss function or its negative (sometimes called a … Read more
LOOCV or Leave-One-Out Cross Validation. LOOCV uses one observation from the original sample as the validation data, and the remaining observations as the training data. This is repeated such that each observation in the sample is used once as the validation data. This is the same as a K-fold cross-validation with K being equal to the number of observations in … Read more
Long-Tailed Distribution in statistics and business is the portion of the distribution having a large number of occurrences far from the “head” or central part of the distribution. The term is often used loosely, with no definition or arbitrary definition, but precise definitions are possible. Broadly speaking, for such population distributions, the majority of occurrences (more than half, and where … Read more
Long Short-Term Memory usually just called “LSTMs” – are a special kind of RNN, capable of learning long-term dependencies. LSTMs are explicitly designed to avoid the long-term dependency problem. Remembering information for long periods of time is their default behavior. All recurrent neural networks have the form of a chain of repeating modules of a neural network. In standard RNNs, … Read more
Log-Normal Distribution in probability theory is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable is log-normally distributed, then has a normal distribution. Likewise, if Y has a normal distribution, then X=exp(y) has a log-normal distribution. A random variable which is log-normally distributed takes only positive real values. The distribution is … Read more
Logistic Regression in statistics is a regression model where the dependent variable is categorical. For example the case of a binary dependent variable—that is, where it can take only two values, “0” and “1”, which represent outcomes such as pass/fail, win/lose, alive/dead or healthy/sick. Cases where the dependent variable has more than two outcome categories may be analysed in multinomial … Read more
Log Loss measures the performance of a classification model where the prediction input is a probability value between 0 and 1. The goal of our machine learning models is to minimize this value. A perfect model would have a log loss of 0. Log loss increases as the predicted probability diverge from the actual label. So predicting a probability of … Read more
Linear Regression is an approach for modeling the relationship between a scalar dependent variable y and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variables) denoted X. The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression. For more than one explanatory variable, the process is called multiple linear regression. (This term is distinct from the multivariate linear regression, where … Read more
Linear Classifiers use object’s characteristics to predict which class (or group) it belongs to. It achieves this by making a classification decision based on the value of a linear combination of the characteristics. An object’s characteristics are also known as feature values and are typically presented to the machine in a vector called a feature vector. Such classifiers work well … Read more
Lazy Learning in machine learning is a learning method in which generalization beyond the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system, as opposed to in eager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training data before receiving queries. Lazy learning is essentially an instance-based learning: it simply stores training data (or only minor processing) … Read more