Long-Tailed Distribution in statistics and business is the portion of the distribution having a large number of occurrences far from the “head” or central part of the distribution. The term is often used loosely, with no definition or arbitrary definition, but precise definitions are possible. Broadly speaking, for such population distributions, the majority of occurrences (more than half, and where … Read more
Long Short-Term Memory usually just called “LSTMs” – are a special kind of RNN, capable of learning long-term dependencies. LSTMs are explicitly designed to avoid the long-term dependency problem. Remembering information for long periods of time is their default behavior. All recurrent neural networks have the form of a chain of repeating modules of a neural network. In standard RNNs, … Read more
Log-Normal Distribution in probability theory is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable is log-normally distributed, then has a normal distribution. Likewise, if Y has a normal distribution, then X=exp(y) has a log-normal distribution. A random variable which is log-normally distributed takes only positive real values. The distribution is … Read more
Logistic Regression in statistics is a regression model where the dependent variable is categorical. For example the case of a binary dependent variable—that is, where it can take only two values, “0” and “1”, which represent outcomes such as pass/fail, win/lose, alive/dead or healthy/sick. Cases where the dependent variable has more than two outcome categories may be analysed in multinomial … Read more
Log Loss measures the performance of a classification model where the prediction input is a probability value between 0 and 1. The goal of our machine learning models is to minimize this value. A perfect model would have a log loss of 0. Log loss increases as the predicted probability diverge from the actual label. So predicting a probability of … Read more
Linear Regression is an approach for modeling the relationship between a scalar dependent variable y and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variables) denoted X. The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression. For more than one explanatory variable, the process is called multiple linear regression. (This term is distinct from the multivariate linear regression, where … Read more
Linear Classifiers use object’s characteristics to predict which class (or group) it belongs to. It achieves this by making a classification decision based on the value of a linear combination of the characteristics. An object’s characteristics are also known as feature values and are typically presented to the machine in a vector called a feature vector. Such classifiers work well … Read more
Lazy Learning in machine learning is a learning method in which generalization beyond the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system, as opposed to in eager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training data before receiving queries. Lazy learning is essentially an instance-based learning: it simply stores training data (or only minor processing) … Read more
Law of Large Numbers is a principle of probability according to which the frequencies of events with the same likelihood of occurrence even out, given enough trials or instances. As the number of experiments increases, the actual ratio of outcomes will converge on the theoretical, or expected, a ratio of outcomes. For example, if a fair coin is tossed 1,000,000 … Read more
Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) is a mathematical method used to determine the relationship between terms and concepts in content. The contents of a web page are crawled by a search engine and the most common words and phrases are collated and identified as the keywords for the page. LSI looks for synonyms related to the title of your page. For … Read more